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As cigarette taxes go up, heavy smoking goes down
ScienceDaily (Nov. 29, 2012) ? When cigarette taxes rise, hard-core smokers are more likely than lighter smokers to cut back, according to new research from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
"Most clinicians and researchers thought these very heavy smokers would be the most resistant to price increases," says first author Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg, PhD. "Many believed this group was destined to continue smoking heavily forever, but our study points out that, in fact, change can occur. And that's very good news."
Cavazos-Rehg, a research assistant professor of psychiatry, and her team analyzed a subset of data from a large study documenting the prevalence of alcohol and drug use and associated psychiatric and medical conditions. The study identified 7,068 smokers and asked them how much they smoked. Three years later, researchers went back and asked the smokers the same question.
"On average, everyone was smoking a little less," says Cavazos-Rehg. "But when we factored in price changes from tax increases, we found that the heaviest smokers responded to price increases by cutting back the most."
The study was published in the journal Tobacco Control.
When the study began, the typical smoker averaged 16 cigarettes per day. After three years, that number had declined to an average of 14 cigarettes daily. During the period between the surveys, the price for a pack of cigarettes increased from an average of $3.96 in 2001 to $4.41 in 2004. Most of the increase was due to hikes in state taxes.
The researchers found that individuals who smoked 40 cigarettes (two packs) each day would have been expected to cut back by 11 the number of cigarettes smoked daily with no price hike.
But in states where cigarette taxes rose by at least 35 percent, heavy smokers lowered their daily smoking by 14 cigarettes, on average.
Among those who smoked less, rising prices had less of an impact. Individuals smoking 20 cigarettes (one pack) per day, would have been expected to cut back by two cigarettes without a price increase, but in response to a 35 percent increase in price, they only reduced their smoking by three cigarettes a day.
So in response to the higher taxes, heavy smokers cut back by an average of 35 percent. Lighter smokers smoked about 15 percent fewer cigarettes.
The researchers also looked at other potential explanations for why smokers cut back, but no other factors were as influential as price.
"Other research has shown, for example, that smoke-free indoor air policies can reduce the number of cigarettes that people smoke," says Cavazos-Rehg. "But our study didn't find that. There weren't a lot of changes in indoor smoking policies during the time period in which these surveys were conducted. So we can't say those policies don't help reduce smoking. It's just that we didn't find they had a big impact in our results."
In addition, other factors may be at play. For example, Cavazos-Rehg says heavy smokers are more likely to develop serious health problems that could provide an extra incentive to quit or to cut back. Plus, heavier smokers are more likely to get encouragement to quit from a doctor or family member.
Although the heavy smokers in this study cut back, she points out that health benefits are certain only if they stop altogether.
"They're not quitting, but they are reducing their smoking behavior," says Cavazos-Rehg. "We don't know whether there's any health benefit if they continue to smoke, even if they are smoking less. However, if reducing helps an individual to quit eventually, then the health advantage becomes clear."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Washington University in St. Louis.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- P. A. Cavazos-Rehg, M. J. Krauss, E. L. Spitznagel, F. J. Chaloupka, D. A. Luke, B. Waterman, R. A. Grucza, L. J. Bierut. Differential effects of cigarette price changes on adult smoking behaviours. Tobacco Control, 2012; DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050517
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/pWgmTPoBhEU/121130094732.htm
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What a maneuver! 15 moves that really exist
All WWE programming, talent names, images, likenesses, slogans, wrestling moves, trademarks, logos and copyrights are the exclusive property of WWE, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, logos and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. ? 2012 WWE, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This website is based in the United States. By submitting personal information to this website you consent to your information being maintained in the U.S., subject to applicable U.S. laws. U.S. law may be different than the law of your home country. WrestleMania XXIX (NY/NJ) logo TM & ? 2012 WWE. All Rights Reserved. The Empire State Building design is a registered trademark and used with permission by ESBC.
Source: http://www.wwe.com/classics/classic-lists/15-wrestling-moves-that-really-exist
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Maui Wowi and Roasting Partner Coda Coffee Donate Hawaiian Coffee to U.S. Soldiers in Afghanistan
Maui Wowi Hawaiian and Coda Coffee Company have donated bags of fresh coffee to Sister Souls, Inc. for holiday care packages being sent to service members overseas.
Greenwood Village, Colo. (PRWEB) December 01, 2012
Maui Wowi is honored to share some comforts of home with U.S. soldiers serving in Afghanistan this holiday season. The International franchise company has teamed up with roasting partner Coda Coffee Company to donate bags of Hawaiian coffee to the Sister Souls, Inc. organization. They will be used in care packages being sent overseas for members of the military.?Maui Wowi is proud, humbled, and honored to support this thoughtful act of kindness and generosity that Sister Souls has organized,? said Michael Haith, CEO of Maui Wowi Hawaiian. ?We hope the men and women of our military enjoy our American grown and roasted coffee and are reminded that there are so many who care about them back home.?
Sister Souls, Inc., a Non-Profit organization based in Lake Orion, Michigan, is putting together care package shipments for approximately 3,600 service members in Afghanistan in honor of fallen Marine Sgt. Raymond J. Plouhar who died while serving his country in Iraq.
Maui Wowi was contacted by Sister Souls, Inc. through social media after seeing the amazing support the franchise has for U.S. service men and women and asked them to participate in the program. The organization is gathering supplies that some might take for granted such as everyday items like body wash, hand sanitizer, granola bars, and coffee. These items are greatly appreciated and valued by service members.
?It?s amazing what the power of social media can create,? said Lauren Sullivan, Communications Manager for Maui Wowi. ?Reaching out in the simplest of ways, has given Maui Wowi and Coda Coffee the opportunity to contribute and share the good will of many organizations like Sister Souls that are dedicated to helping others.?
Maui Wowi Hawaiian is a gourmet coffee and smoothie company, with franchises around the world, including the Middle East. The company is committed to providing franchising opportunities to military veterans and announced last month an extra discount off the franchise fee to service members through the end of the year. The Military Giveback Program was designed to help facilitate the transition into civilian life as a franchise operator. For more information on Maui Wowi Hawaiian?s Military Giveback Program, please call 1-877-849-6992 or visit their website at http://www.mauiwowifranchise.com.
About Maui Wowi Hawaiian Coffees & Smoothies:
Since 1982, Maui Wowi Hawaiian has embraced the Hawaiian culture and has been serving paradise in a cup since the day it began, 30 years ago. From event carts, mall kiosks and stand-alone retail locations Maui Wowi Hawaiian offers premium, all-natural, gluten-free, fresh-fruit smoothies, as well as gourmet Hawaiian coffees and espresso beverages. With over 600 operating units in eight countries, Maui Wowi Hawaiian has truly gone ?Global? by adding an online store, shop.mauiwowi.com. Now customers from anywhere in the world can experience the prized-gourmet Hawaiian coffees and taste the ?Aloha Spirit? with a ?Click-of-a button!? To learn more information about Maui Wowi Hawaiian?s, products, locations, or flexible, low cost franchising opportunities, visit http://www.mauiwowifranchise.com.
Justin Livingston
Maui Wowi Hawaiian Coffee & Smoothies
303-865-3215 115
Email Information
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/maui-wowi-roasting-partner-coda-coffee-donate-hawaiian-080230587.html
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Daily Tips for Business: Architecture-and-Interior-Design
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Beneficial Small Business Ideas | Business-Skills
Starting a small business can be frightening and requires plenty of careful planning. There are many small business ideas which can be beneficial as well as economical. The last thing a new entrepreneur or new business needs is to be found in a financial state due to unnecessary spending. When starting a small business, the key is to remember it is ?small? and initially the intention should be to limit spending until a profit is made.
Beneficial small business ideas could include marketing strategies such as web site promotion. An Internet web site can be set up relatively inexpensively and can reach a limitless audience. Because the Internet provides worldwide access, people from anywhere can access a business web site. Using relevant keywords that will be picked up by search engines can take potential customers to a small business web site. Once there the individual should be able to read an interesting description of the product or service being promoted. Clear and concise content is best to use for a business web site.
Other small business ideas might entail email marketing. Again there?s a need for a well-constructed written message. Choosing a headline or subtitle that is unique and catchy will get the recipient?s attention and entice them to read on. If using email marketing as one of their small business ideas, the entrepreneur should probably ask other people to read the content, asking for objective opinions.
It is important to figure out the target audience when considering small business ideas. Spending unnecessary time and money advertising to people who are definitely not interested in the product or service is futile. An entrepreneur?s time and money would be better spent trying to attract the targeted audience.
The Internet is a great resource for small business ideas. Thousands of people have great ideas for a business venture but require assistance getting the ball rolling. Fortunately there is plenty of help available for new and aspiring entrepreneurs. There are government web sites that contain valuable small business ideas. There are web sites designed by experienced business people to assist those interested in starting a small business.
Using a popular search engine like Google or Yahoo can very quickly connect an individual to beneficial small business ideas. Browsing the many informative web pages available can equip people to begin their business or marketing plan using the suggested small business ideas. Making smart business marketing decisions early in the game can transform a small business into a thriving prosperous company.
Source: http://www.businesskills.com/beneficial-small-business-ideas/
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To Please or Not to Please, That is the Question
A few weeks ago, I wrote an article titled Stop Being a People Pleaser that sparked a huge discussion based on a comment by someone who is not naturally inclined to feel like making other people happy. Here was his initial question: I'd love to see an article taking the opposite position: How do I start pleasing other people and caring about their needs? I'm kind of a cynical, misanthropic [jerk] and apparently that's not OK in most lines of business. Do I change, or do I find a new line of work?
Over 30 people jumped in to give their advice in response to Dave's inquiry. Through the course of their comments and Dave's replies to their comments it became clear that Dave was actually pretty good at acting nicely toward people. But he found it draining to have to behave in a way that was not congruent with his underlying feeling toward another person. So for instance, he really does care about and enjoy the individuals in his inner circle, but struggles with having the same level of desire to do nice things for people beyond that group.
The comments were excellent?I recommend you check them out?but this article is an effort to shed some light on these two types of people and to hopefully provide some empowerment for those who more often feel like pleasing themselves more than others. To start, I'll outline the two different perspectives so that we have a clearer understanding of how these two different sets of people approach the world. Then we'll move into a way to go beyond pleasing to living with intention. Please add in your comments below. This is a complex topic that requires our collective wisdom.
The People-Pleaser and Self-Pleaser Perspectives
To start, I think it's essential to recognize that these two groups of people?the people-pleasers and the self-pleasers?are experiencing and interpreting life in a different way. Just like planners and spontaneous people can wrongfully accuse one another of being inconsiderate jerks until they understand the other side (I cover reducing time-caused drama extensively in my upcoming book, the people-pleasers and self-pleasers can end up downright angry until they "get" the opposing viewpoint.
Much of this has to do with innate personality and natural tendencies. Having an inclination in one direction or the other doesn't make you a good or a bad person?it just is. People-pleasers literally get an emotional rush from making another person experience positive emotions and self-pleasers generally don't. Given the uniqueness of each individual, not everyone clearly falls into one or the other category. But to start to have a sense of each end of the spectrum, here's an overview of the two perspectives.
Should Life Really Be About Pleasing?
As came out in the various comments, Dave's question didn't actually center around how to act nicely?he knew how to behave appropriately. But he wondered how to not only display the right external behaviors but also to have them seem congruent with his internal state. This emotional dissonance, particularly in his work left him emotionally drained.
Trying to be a people pleaser is not the answer. Natural self pleasers can't force themselves to feel something that they don't actually feel.
In fact, I don't think that going about life focusing on only pleasing ourselves or only pleasing others is really the way to be our best selves and make the best contribution to the world. Both are a knee-jerk emotional responses to stimuli. Instead, I believe both sides can benefit by redefining authenticity and choosing to live our lives based on our values not our feelings. Here's how Leslie Williams, the author of Grit and Grace, reframed what it means to be authentic:
Many people equate being authentic with being emotionally transparent. Defined thus, the authentic move in response to anger might be to give someone a piece of your mind. In a conflict, it might be to tell someone that they're being selfish and short-sighted. This kind of honesty has its place; it can clear the air and let people know where you stand. But it can also backfire: escalating conflict, eroding trust and damaging reputations. You're smart to be wary of that.
What if we defined authenticity differently: not as transparency of our thoughts and emotions, but rather as "speech and actions that arise from our deepest values"? That's a very different proposition. It takes discipline, effort, and self-awareness. While this kind of honesty is more difficult, it allows us to honor ourselves and connect us with others, both at a deeper level.
So in the case of someone who works with customers on a regular basis but doesn't naturally fall into the people-pleaser category, they could either "fake" being nice and inside feel frustrated that they don't genuinely feel an attachment to the other person. Or they could decide that one of their values is to make each person they interact with feel like the most important person in the world. Then from that personal value about the impact they want to make on each person, they could authentically display that level of care and service to everyone.
Empowerment for the Self-Pleasers
Beyond redefining authenticity, these strategies can help natural self-pleasers to feel more inclined to want to act in a helpful way toward others:
Do things not because of who they are but because of who you are: If you base your actions on what you perceive as the worthiness or unworthiness of another, you will be in a state of constant judgment of others and struggle over your sense of obligation to them. However, if you choose to be kind, be thoughtful, and serve because you desire to be a kind, thoughtful, and service-oriented person, then you can accept and respect all others as worthy of your kindness.
Assume they don't know: Most people don't wake up in the morning thinking, I really want to annoy everyone around me. Always assume people don't know that something really bothers you unless you've explicitly told them it's a problem. It's also essential to keep in mind that something that may be obvious or common sense to you, may not be clear to someone else. This could result from differences in age, experience, intellect, personality, or any number of factors. Also, you may have the ability to see when people are "faking" something, but many people don't have this emotional x-ray vision.
Assume you don't know: You may think that you know why someone did what they did or what they meant by something. But until you actually ask them, you don't really know their motives. Maybe a lack of response to your greeting had more to do with the fact that they didn't sleep well the night before and were half asleep than that they simply wanted to ignore you. Assume people didn't intend to make you feel badly. Also remember that how you feel about an action has more to do with your current mental and emotional state than the action that happened.
Avoid criticism and contempt: You may have some legitimate complaints about people's behavior but you want to avoid criticism?over generalizing that complaint to an indictment of their overall character?or contempt where you display disgust toward them. Both unfairly simplify the complexity of an individual (we all have times when we're not on our best behavior) and make it really difficult for you to feel like behaving in a positive manner toward the typecast party.
Take care of yourself: Even people-pleasers can lose their desire to do things for others when they feel burnt-out. If you start to feel resentful or frustrated, figure out what you need to do to take care of yourself: get some sleep, go on a run, watch a funny movie, talk with a friend, or do something else that you find refreshing. Filling yourself up emotionally will give you a greater capacity to give to others.
Recovery When You Get Ticked Off
Even with your best efforts, people can really tick you off?especially if you're a self-pleaser. But the fact that you're upset isn't a sign that you don't care about people?it actually means you care a great deal. If you truly didn't care, you would experience indifference toward what others did or didn't do.
Both sadness and anger are expressions of deep hurt. So you'll feel better faster and have a much greater desire to treat others well when you focus on taking care of yourself after you become angry instead of stirring up the anger by looking for revenge. Go through these three steps to recover quickly:
- Validate your feelings. If you feel angry, upset, violated, or disrespected, acknowledge and validate your feelings. Even if the person didn't mean to make you feel all those emotions, you felt them and your experience of the situation matters.
- Forgive the other person.Regardless of whether people ask for forgiveness, you can give it to them for your own sake. Simply in your mind, or if it helps you in writing, state, "I forgive you [Name] for [action or in action] which caused me to feel [emotion]."
- Set boundaries.To the degree that you can do so, set boundaries on interactions with people that repeatedly cause you harm. This could mean establishing certain policies about customer engagement, not interacting with certain customers and/or finding a new job.
By regularly engaging in this recovery process, you'll come from a much stronger, emotionally healthy place or interacting with everyone.
So there you go Dave Myers? you can redefine authenticity, empower yourself, and recover more quickly. Now over to everyone else, what's the cure for self-pleasers looking to please others more?
Elizabeth Grace Saunders is a time coach, the founder of Real Life E Time Coaching & Training, and the author of The 3 Secrets to Effective Time Investment: How to Achieve More Success With Less Stress. Find out more at www.ScheduleMakeover.com.
Photo Credit Edyta Pawlowska (Shutterstock), amelaxa (Shutterstock), and D Barton (Shutterstock)
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